Chapter II, The Emergence Of Southern Europe, 20 to 37.

Chapter II, The Emergence Of Southern Europe, 20 to 37.

1. last 3,000 years of the pre-Christian era, S. Europe gradually emerged as a well-populated region of developed agriculture, industry, trade, politics, rich culture.
2. S. Europe influenced/aided by Asia/Egypt
3. north, flat expanse
4. Asia Minor: Middle, land bridge
5. Germany/Rhine: rainy weather
6. S. route, seaway along Mediterranean, important part in economic emergence
7. Mediterranean, 2,200 miles in length
8. oarsmen needed to counteract winds
9. Europe had minerals which Near Eastern peoples lacked
10. Cyprus, copper, Elba: iron, Spain: silver, gold, copper, iron
11. Greece: silver & lead
12. Bohemia: tin 
13. Black Sea, shipping of furs from Russian forests
14. Troy, 2400 BC, collect loot or levies from the people crossing the Dardenelles
15. 2000-100Bc, trade routes became longer
16. Mediterranean: winter, summer: only seasons
a. water: problematic, less than 2 inches of rain per month
b. goat, sheep, hog: figure largely into the rural economy
c. meat & dairy: small place in diet
d. lowlands couldn’t feed a large population
e. grains, olives, vines: staple crops
f. terraces had to be erected for hill-side farming
g. olive oil, the butter & lard
h. water, tea, coffee, beer, wine. 
i. waterworks had to be built for Mediterranean cities
j. artificial irrigation was required
k. colonies were established on the Black Sea coast

Crete
1. fairly large island 
b. temperate climate
c. fertile, well watered soil
d. large forests for shipbuilders
e. copper & clay
f. shellfish > dye was extracted 
g. imported Spanish metals & British tin
h. overthrown about 1400 BC

Phoenicia
1. narrow belt of the Syrian coast
2. natural resources, good location (better than Crete!)
3. cedar, cyprus & oak trees
4. Carthage, took control of W. Sicily
5. built warships, hired mercenaries
6. Africa: gold, ivory, ebony, ostrich feathers, precious stones, slaves-brought across Sahara or by ships
7. Phoenicians added industry to commerce
8. copied Mesopotamian/Egyptian methods & patterns
9. Tyrian purple, expensive, for royalty

Greeks
1. not the 1st people to occupy the S. part of the Balkins
2. lived in small city-states, ports, nests of warriors
3. disturbance between 1200 and 1000 BC, Greeks come to Aegean
4. herded & grew grain
5. exploited mineral deposits
6. depended on “mother cities” for capital goods
7. produced oil, wine, manufactured goods, exchanged for grain
8. Corinth/Athens: depended almost entirely on imported food
9. Athens depended on Egypt & S. Russia
10. Seythian alliance to get grain
11. public officials needed store houses to feed the population

Land Problems, 
1. land was divided into small & large estates
2. small farmers needed to borrow for seeds, animals, equipment, pest killers
3. higher interest rates for small farmers
4. aristocrat/bourgeois: common enemy in farmer’s class struggle
5. Solon the Lawgiver cancelled many debts
6. farmers produced goods
7. large estates/temples: freedman, slaves & women worked

Slave Labor
1. Greek industry relied heavily on slave labor
2. Near East/ Europe: a lot of slavery 
3. common part of labor structure
4. POWs, people captured by pirates, children of slaves worked as slaves...
5. slaves could have simple rural training or developed professional skills
6. slaves might till at a farm or work at the oar of a galley
7. slaves could work as policeman, domestic servants, craftsman, salesman or clerks
8. p. 32 slaves could marry & own property
9. slaves could get a portion of owner’s receipts, emancipation or both

Commerce & Currency
1. Greek foreign trade was virtually all sea trade
2. a lot of risks involved in shipping trade
3. stated weight of copper unit
4. Lydia in Asia Minor minted coins
5. King Croesus, author of innovation
6 Mt. Laurium near Athens was rich in silver/lead ore
7. lead was used for roofs, pipes, & domestic utensils (poisoning...)
8. slaves extracted the silver/lead, state owned mine, private industries paid a royalty to the state
9. coins changed the nature of wealth
10. easier to store, accumulate, consume, invest, lend, 
11. money changer, banker, valuables were stored with him 
12. city-state: city with a small rural area around it
13. cities were rivals
14. geography, history, competition
15. Athens built up an anti-Persian confederation
16. Peloponnesian War (431-404) attack on Athens

Hellenistic Period
1. Philip of Macedon absorbed the peninsula
2. Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor, overthrew Persian empire
3. Alexander’s empire was a military creation
4. Egypt, Asia, Macedon
5. Greek exports declined, couldn’t import enough food
6. Alexander, economic & intellectual metropolis of the whole Hellenic world
7. Greeks handled Chinese goods!
8. large boats were built, postal services were created, harbors were improved, lighthouses were erected, pirates were suppressed
9. Persians allowed water supplies to fall into disrepair
10. Alexander took Persian emperor’s gold, gave large bonuses to soldiers, 
11. built new cities, administration and luxuries
12 Ptolemies, new kings of Egypt, installed Greek efficiency experts to increase productivity
13. prosperity didn’t last consistently
14. kings of Egypt/W. Asia fought each other, tried to ruin each other’s economies
15. peasants felt over-taxed
16. the Romans came east and conquered